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Prescribed Fire in Ozark and Ouachita Mountain Hardwood ForestsThe U.S. Forest Service's Revised Land and Resource Management Plan for the Ozark-St. Francis National Forests, calls for burning up to 120,000 acres every year for the next 10 years. The Ouachita National Forest Plan calls for burning up to 200,000 acres/yr. The National Park Service and the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission also conduct large-scale burns, often burning several hundred to several thousand acres of forest at a time. This scale of burning in the Ozark and Ouachita National Forests is excessive and harmful to the health and well being of our communities. Many local residents are demanding a substantial reduction of the number of acres designated for prescribed burning. Everyone needs to breathe clean air, whether they live in a rural or urban environment. Children, elders, and people with breathing problems or heart conditions are especially vulnerable to the small particulate matter and gases present in the smoke generated during prescribed burns. People are sick more often and stay sick longer when the burning occurs due to the increased stress on their heart and lungs. Many people are unable to live their normal lives during "smoke days". Workers suffer and business is lost when people must either shut themselves into their houses, or literally flee the area. The pervasive smoke from these burns turns away tourists and people wanting outdoor recreation. Their lost dollars and tax revenues significantly impacts the economy in our region. In the Ozark-St. Francis National Forests, U.S. Forest Service project areas that were previously clearcut, over-cut, or treated with herbicides are the areas in the forest that are most crowded with slash, brambles, stump sprouts, and less desirable species such as sweet gum and red maple. Instead of burning these areas of forest where mismanagement has resulted in excessive fuel loads, the rotting wood and debris should be left to decompose into topsoil unless it poses an immediate hazard to the public. Where immediate public hazards exist ground crews of local labor can cut up the excess fuel for residential firewood. Piling the wood and brush creates wildlife habitat and speeds up decomposition, thus reducing any fire hazard. The leaf litter and deadfall in our public forests are better left to decay into topsoil than to be burned. Burning dumps countless tons of CO2 and particulates into the air. From a forestry perspective, the idea that oak trees need a scarred and burned landscape to regenerate seedlings is false and misleading. Pioneer Forest, located in south central Missourri, manages approximately 150,000 acres of mixed hardwood and shortleaf pine forest. Using single tree selection, they have excellent oak regeneration with no prescribed burning. Research also shows that prior to human habitation, fires of over 100 acres were rare in the Ozarks. That is the natural condition under which these forests evolved and should continue to be managed. The Ozark forest is not a fire dependent ecosystem. Fire is currently being employed in the Richland Creek and Buffalo River Watershed specifically to increase pasture and forage for the non native Rocky Mountain Elk. No scientific study, monitoring, or documentation has been conducted to measure the impact of non target species using this fire based conversion of mixed deciduous forest into pasture for an introduced subspecies. The smaller eastern subspecies of elk originally native to the Ozarks are now extinct.
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complex, for sure
It certainly interesting that the folks at the Forest Service on the Ozark say that they need to use fire for oak regeneration. On the Mark Twain it's clearcuts and even-aged logging for oak regeneration and fire to "restore historic fire regimes" and get rid of "fuel" that would feed "catastrophic wildfires," as if the Ozarks had big crown fires like out west. But they have to use that language to dig into the federal money pot of HFI fuels reduction funds.
The other thing up here in Missouri is that the fire regimes they want to mimic are those from the late 1700's into the mid 1800's. The problem with this is that this period showed a radical and continuing increase in fire as Native Americans not indigenous to the area started moving in as a result of colonial expansion and setting fires. At about the same time, you start having more and more incursions by trappers, miners, and settlers. Fire is predominantly a function of population density (or so says the eminent Dr. Richard Guyette).
It's unclear what the population pressures were like on the Ozarks before the front line of colonialism (smallpox and other illnesses) made their way through and wiped out most of the people indigenous to the area. But I doubt their populations were as great as the combined impact of the Onondaga, Shawnee, Delaware, French, and English during the period the land managers apparently wish to mimic.
And of course this leaves out the loss of native herbivores and carnivores playing their necessary roles together.
Taking into account the very real impacts on air quality, human health, and quality of life, I still think that there is a place for human-caused fire in many Ozark ecosystems. But I also think that the Forest Service is acting in an overly aggressive fashion and is driven by where the funding is coming from.
Fire regimes
The National Interagency Fire Center “Communicator’s Guide” lists seven fire-dependent ecosystems in the U.S.
http://www.nifc.gov/preved/comm_guide/wildfire/fire_6.html
The seven fire dependent ecosystems are:
Midwest Tall Grass Prairie (my home town)
Southwestern California Chaparral
Ponderosa Pine in the Southwest and Intermountain West
Lodge Pine Communities of the Rocky Mountains
Southern Pine Communities (Texas east to Florida north to Maryland)
Jack Pine Communities of the Great Lakes (neighbor to my home town)
Alaskan Boreal Forest and Tundra
The Guyette study you refer to
(Fire history in oak-pine forests in the Lower Boston
Mountains, Arkansas, USA. Forest and Ecology Management 180: 463-474.)
is cited in several placesby various Ozark land managers and then ignored.
For example BIODIVERSITY AND RESOURCE APPLICATIONS:
APPLICATION OF THE FIRE REGIME CONDITION CLASS PROCESS TO COLLABORATIVE
MULTI-SCALE LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING IN THE BOSTON MOUNTAINS, ARKANSAS
Ayn J. Shlisky*
The Nature Conservancy Fire Initiative, Boulder, CO
Douglas Zollner
The Nature Conservancy Fire Initiative, Lakewood, CO
John Andre
Ozark-St Francis National Forest, Hector, AR
Scott Simon
The Nature Conservancy of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR
Nice site Shawn (and anyone else). Keep up the the good works, stay in touch.
David